1 REN21, Renewables 2010 Global Status Report (Paris: 2010), p. 24.
2 Ibid.
3 BP, BP Statistical Review of World Energy (London: June 2010), p. 8; REN21, op. cit. note 1, p. 24.
4 REN21, op. cit. note 1.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid., p. 56.
7 Ibid.; Renewable Fuels Association (RFA), Climate of Opportunity: 2010 Ethanol Industry Outlook (Washington, DC: 2010), p. 3
8 RFA, op. cit. note 7, p. 13.
9 REN21, op. cit. note 1.
10 Ibid.
11 Brazilian Sugarcane Industry Association (UNICA), “News,” at The Industry- Background, at english.unica.com.br/content/show.asp?cntCode=D0B9E7BA-04AB-4637-9B69-7B2FECB82647.
12 REN21, op. cit. note 1.
13 Ibid., p. 25.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid., p. 56.
16 Ibid.
17 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “EPA Lifecycle Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Renewable Fuels,” at www.epa.gov/otaq/renewablefuels/420f10006.htm.
18 EPA, “EPA Finalizes Regulations for the National Renewable Fuel Standard Program for 2010 and Beyond,” at www.epa.gov/otaq/renewablefuels/420f10007.htm.
19 EPA, “EPA Grants E15 Waiver for Newer Vehicles/A New Label for E15 is Being Proposed to Help Ensure Consumers Use the Correct Fuel,” at yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/0/BF822DDBEC29C0DC852577BB005BAC0F.
20 Matthew L. Wald, “A Bit More Ethanol in the Gas Tank,” New York Times, 13 October 2010.
21 EPA, op. cit. note 17.
22 Council of the European Union, “Press Release, 2782nd Council Meeting, Transport, Telecommunications, and Energy, Brussels, 15 February 2007,” press release (Brussels: 15 February 2007).
23 Oliver Interwildi and David King, “Quo Vadis Biofuels,” Energy and Environmental Science, 2009: 2, pp. 343–46; International Energy Agency (IEA), Sustainable Production of Second-Generation Biofuels (Paris: 2010), pp. 22–23.
24 IEA, op. cit. note 23, p. 23; William T. Coyle, Next-Generation Biofuels: Near-term Challenges and Implications for Agriculture (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Economic Research Service (ERS), 2010), p. 8.
25 IEA, op. cit. note 23.
26 David Tilman et al., “Carbon-Negative Biofuels from Low-Input High-Diversity Grassland Biomass,” Science, 8 December 2006, pp. 1598–1600.
27 Matt Sanderson and Paul Adler, “Perennial Forages as Second Generation Bioenergy Crops,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20 May 2008, pp. 768–88.
28 Paul Adler et al., “Life-Cycle Assessment of Net Greenhouse-Gas Flux for Bioenergy Cropping Systems,”Ecological Applications, vol. 17 (2007), pp. 675–91; Jorn Scharlemann and William Laurance, “How Green are Biofuels?” Science, 4 January 2008, pp. 43–44; Tilman et al., op. cit. note 26.
29 Tilman et al., op. cit. note 26; Adler et al., op. cit. note 28.
30 Angelo Gurgel, John M. Reilly, and Sergey Paltsev, Potential Land Use Implications of a Global Biofuels Industry, MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, Report No. 155, (Cambridge, MA: March 2008); Martin Basne et al., “The Impact of First and Section Generation Biofuels on Global Agricultural Production, Trade, and Land Use,” submitted for 11th Global Trade Analysis Project Conference, June 2008, at www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/download/3693.pdf.
31 See, for example, Hong Yang et al., “Land and Water Requirements of Biofuel and Implications for Food Supply and the Environment in China,” Energy Policy, May 2009, pp. 1876–85; Deepak Rajagopal, “Implications of India’s Biofuel Policies for Food, Water, and the Poor,” Water Policy, 3 January 2008, p. 1–12.
32 Coyle, op. cit. note 24.
33 Ibid.
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid.
36 USDA, ERS, “2008 Farm Bill Side-by-Side, Title IX: Energy,” updated 20 August 2008 at www.ers.usda.gov/FarmBill/2008/Titles/TitleIXEnergy.htm.
37 IEA, op. cit. note 23; Dina Bacovsky, Michal Dallos, and Manfred Wörgetter, Status of 2nd Generation Biofuels Demonstration Facilities in June 2010, Report to IEA Energy Task 39 (Paris: 2010).
38 Gurgel, Reilly, and Paltsev, op. cit. note 30.
39 Bacovsky, Dallos, and Wörgetter, op. cit. note 37; Coyle, op. cit. note 24.
40 “Advanced Biofuels Tracking Database 1.1,” BiofuelsDigest, updated 4 March 2010; Coyle, op. cit. note 24; Dynamic Fuels, at dynamicfuelsllc.com; Range Fuels, “Our First Commercial Plant,” at www.rangefuels.com/our-first-commercial-plant.html; BioMCN, “BioMCN Opens Largest 2nd Generation Biofuel Plant,” press release (Delfzijl, Netherlands: 25 June 2010).
41 “Advanced Biofuels Tracking Database 1.1,” op. cit. note 40.
42 “Fueled Again, Seaweed,” Biomass Energy Journal, 22 June 2010.
43 “With a Little Kelp from My Friends: Macroalgae Projects, Concepts, Bloom,” Biofuels Digest, 23 June 2010.
44 Ibid.
45 “Biofuels and Renewables Weekly,” Reuters, 15 September 2010; “UK Biofuels ‘Falling Short’ on Environmental Standards,” BBC News, 31 August 2010; Friends of the Earth International, “World Bank Land Grab Report Comment: Biofuels Cause Land Grabs,” press release (Amsterdam: 8 September 2010).
46 Hart’s Global Biofuels Center, as cited in “Global Biofuels Growth to Double by 2015,” PR Newswire, 30 September 2009; IEA Medium-Term Oil and Gas Markets 2010, as cited in “IEA Raises 2009-2014 Global Biofuels Production Forecast,” Agra-net.com, 28 June 2010.
